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+.TH DES_CRYPT 3 
+.SH NAME
+des_read_password, des_read_2password,
+des_string_to_key, des_string_to_2key, des_read_pw_string,
+des_random_key, des_set_key,
+des_key_sched, des_ecb_encrypt, des_ecb3_encrypt, des_cbc_encrypt,
+des_3cbc_encrypt,
+des_pcbc_encrypt, des_cfb_encrypt, des_ofb_encrypt,
+des_cbc_cksum, des_quad_cksum,
+des_enc_read, des_enc_write, des_set_odd_parity,
+des_is_weak_key, crypt \- (non USA) DES encryption
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.nf
+.nj
+.ft B
+#include <des.h>
+.PP
+.B int des_read_password(key,prompt,verify)
+des_cblock *key;
+char *prompt;
+int verify;
+.PP
+.B int des_read_2password(key1,key2,prompt,verify)
+des_cblock *key1,*key2;
+char *prompt;
+int verify;
+.PP
+.B int des_string_to_key(str,key)
+char *str;
+des_cblock *key;
+.PP
+.B int des_string_to_2keys(str,key1,key2)
+char *str;
+des_cblock *key1,*key2;
+.PP
+.B int des_read_pw_string(buf,length,prompt,verify)
+char *buf;
+int length;
+char *prompt;
+int verify;
+.PP
+.B int des_random_key(key)
+des_cblock *key;
+.PP
+.B int des_set_key(key,schedule)
+des_cblock *key;
+des_key_schedule schedule;
+.PP
+.B int des_key_sched(key,schedule)
+des_cblock *key;
+des_key_schedule schedule;
+.PP
+.B int des_ecb_encrypt(input,output,schedule,encrypt)
+des_cblock *input;
+des_cblock *output;
+des_key_schedule schedule;
+int encrypt;
+.PP
+.B int des_ecb3_encrypt(input,output,ks1,ks2,encrypt)
+des_cblock *input;
+des_cblock *output;
+des_key_schedule ks1,ks2;
+int encrypt;
+.PP
+.B int des_cbc_encrypt(input,output,length,schedule,ivec,encrypt)
+des_cblock *input;
+des_cblock *output;
+long length;
+des_key_schedule schedule;
+des_cblock *ivec;
+int encrypt;
+.PP
+.B int des_3cbc_encrypt(input,output,length,sk1,sk2,ivec1,ivec2,encrypt)
+des_cblock *input;
+des_cblock *output;
+long length;
+des_key_schedule sk1;
+des_key_schedule sk2;
+des_cblock *ivec1;
+des_cblock *ivec2;
+int encrypt;
+.PP
+.B int des_pcbc_encrypt(input,output,length,schedule,ivec,encrypt)
+des_cblock *input;
+des_cblock *output;
+long length;
+des_key_schedule schedule;
+des_cblock *ivec;
+int encrypt;
+.PP
+.B int des_cfb_encrypt(input,output,numbits,length,schedule,ivec,encrypt)
+unsigned char *input;
+unsigned char *output;
+int numbits;
+long length;
+des_key_schedule schedule;
+des_cblock *ivec;
+int encrypt;
+.PP
+.B int des_ofb_encrypt(input,output,numbits,length,schedule,ivec)
+unsigned char *input,*output;
+int numbits;
+long length;
+des_key_schedule schedule;
+des_cblock *ivec;
+.PP
+.B unsigned long des_cbc_cksum(input,output,length,schedule,ivec)
+des_cblock *input;
+des_cblock *output;
+long length;
+des_key_schedule schedule;
+des_cblock *ivec;
+.PP
+.B unsigned long des_quad_cksum(input,output,length,out_count,seed)
+des_cblock *input;
+des_cblock *output;
+long length;
+int out_count;
+des_cblock *seed;
+.PP
+.B int des_check_key;
+.PP
+.B int des_enc_read(fd,buf,len,sched,iv)
+int fd;
+char *buf;
+int len;
+des_key_schedule sched;
+des_cblock *iv;
+.PP
+.B int des_enc_write(fd,buf,len,sched,iv)
+int fd;
+char *buf;
+int len;
+des_key_schedule sched;
+des_cblock *iv;
+.PP
+.B extern int des_rw_mode;
+.PP
+.B void des_set_odd_parity(key)
+des_cblock *key;
+.PP
+.B int des_is_weak_key(key)
+des_cblock *key;
+.PP
+.B char *crypt(passwd,salt)
+char *passwd;
+char *salt;
+.PP
+.fi
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+This library contains a fast implementation of the DES encryption
+algorithm.
+.PP
+There are two phases to the use of DES encryption.
+The first is the generation of a
+.I des_key_schedule
+from a key,
+the second is the actual encryption.
+A des key is of type
+.I des_cblock.
+This type is made from 8 characters with odd parity.
+The least significant bit in the character is the parity bit.
+The key schedule is an expanded form of the key; it is used to speed the
+encryption process.
+.PP
+.I des_read_password
+writes the string specified by prompt to the standard output,
+turns off echo and reads an input string from standard input
+until terminated with a newline.
+If verify is non-zero, it prompts and reads the input again and verifies
+that both entered passwords are the same.
+The entered string is converted into a des key by using the
+.I des_string_to_key
+routine.
+The new key is placed in the
+.I des_cblock
+that was passed (by reference) to the routine.
+If there were no errors,
+.I des_read_password
+returns 0,
+-1 is returned if there was a terminal error and 1 is returned for
+any other error.
+.PP
+.I des_read_2password
+operates in the same way as
+.I des_read_password
+except that it generates 2 keys by using the
+.I des_string_to_2key
+function.
+.PP
+.I des_read_pw_string
+is called by
+.I des_read_password
+to read and verify a string from a terminal device.
+The string is returned in
+.I buf.
+The size of
+.I buf
+is passed to the routine via the
+.I length
+parameter.
+.PP
+.I des_string_to_key
+converts a string into a valid des key.
+.PP
+.I des_string_to_2key
+converts a string into 2 valid des keys.
+This routine is best suited for used to generate keys for use with
+.I des_ecb3_encrypt.
+.PP
+.I des_random_key
+returns a random key that is made of a combination of process id,
+time and an increasing counter.
+.PP
+Before a des key can be used it is converted into a
+.I des_key_schedule
+via the
+.I des_set_key
+routine.
+If the
+.I des_check_key
+flag is non-zero,
+.I des_set_key
+will check that the key passed is of odd parity and is not a week or
+semi-weak key.
+If the parity is wrong,
+then -1 is returned.
+If the key is a weak key,
+then -2 is returned.
+If an error is returned,
+the key schedule is not generated.
+.PP
+.I des_key_sched
+is another name for the
+.I des_set_key
+function.
+.PP
+The following routines mostly operate on an input and output stream of
+.I des_cblock's.
+.PP
+.I des_ecb_encrypt
+is the basic DES encryption routine that encrypts or decrypts a single 8-byte
+.I des_cblock
+in
+.I electronic code book
+mode.
+It always transforms the input data, pointed to by
+.I input,
+into the output data,
+pointed to by the
+.I output
+argument.
+If the
+.I encrypt
+argument is non-zero (DES_ENCRYPT),
+the
+.I input
+(cleartext) is encrypted in to the
+.I output
+(ciphertext) using the key_schedule specified by the
+.I schedule
+argument,
+previously set via
+.I des_set_key.
+If
+.I encrypt
+is zero (DES_DECRYPT),
+the
+.I input
+(now ciphertext)
+is decrypted into the
+.I output
+(now cleartext).
+Input and output may overlap.
+No meaningful value is returned.
+.PP
+.I des_ecb3_encrypt
+encrypts/decrypts the
+.I input
+block by using triple ecb DES encryption.
+This involves encrypting the input with 
+.I ks1,
+decryption with the key schedule
+.I ks2,
+and then encryption with the first again.
+This routine greatly reduces the chances of brute force breaking of
+DES and has the advantage of if
+.I ks1
+and
+.I ks2
+are the same, it is equivalent to just encryption using ecb mode and
+.I ks1
+as the key.
+.PP
+.I des_cbc_encrypt
+encrypts/decrypts using the
+.I cipher-block-chaining
+mode of DES.
+If the
+.I encrypt
+argument is non-zero,
+the routine cipher-block-chain encrypts the cleartext data pointed to by the
+.I input
+argument into the ciphertext pointed to by the
+.I output
+argument,
+using the key schedule provided by the
+.I schedule
+argument,
+and initialisation vector provided by the
+.I ivec
+argument.
+If the
+.I length
+argument is not an integral multiple of eight bytes, 
+the last block is copied to a temporary area and zero filled.
+The output is always
+an integral multiple of eight bytes.
+To make multiple cbc encrypt calls on a large amount of data appear to
+be one 
+.I des_cbc_encrypt
+call, the
+.I ivec
+of subsequent calls should be the last 8 bytes of the output.
+.PP
+.I des_3cbc_encrypt
+encrypts/decrypts the
+.I input
+block by using triple cbc DES encryption.
+This involves encrypting the input with key schedule
+.I ks1,
+decryption with the key schedule
+.I ks2,
+and then encryption with the first again.
+2 initialisation vectors are required,
+.I ivec1
+and
+.I ivec2.
+Unlike
+.I des_cbc_encrypt,
+these initialisation vectors are modified by the subroutine.
+This routine greatly reduces the chances of brute force breaking of
+DES and has the advantage of if
+.I ks1
+and
+.I ks2
+are the same, it is equivalent to just encryption using cbc mode and
+.I ks1
+as the key.
+.PP
+.I des_pcbc_encrypt
+encrypt/decrypts using a modified block chaining mode.
+It provides better error propagation characteristics than cbc
+encryption.
+.PP
+.I des_cfb_encrypt
+encrypt/decrypts using cipher feedback mode.  This method takes an
+array of characters as input and outputs and array of characters.  It
+does not require any padding to 8 character groups.  Note: the ivec
+variable is changed and the new changed value needs to be passed to
+the next call to this function.  Since this function runs a complete
+DES ecb encryption per numbits, this function is only suggested for
+use when sending small numbers of characters.
+.PP
+.I des_ofb_encrypt
+encrypt using output feedback mode.  This method takes an
+array of characters as input and outputs and array of characters.  It
+does not require any padding to 8 character groups.  Note: the ivec
+variable is changed and the new changed value needs to be passed to
+the next call to this function.  Since this function runs a complete
+DES ecb encryption per numbits, this function is only suggested for
+use when sending small numbers of characters.
+.PP
+.I des_cbc_cksum
+produces an 8 byte checksum based on the input stream (via cbc encryption).
+The last 4 bytes of the checksum is returned and the complete 8 bytes is
+placed in
+.I output.
+.PP
+.I des_quad_cksum
+returns a 4 byte checksum from the input bytes.
+The algorithm can be iterated over the input,
+depending on
+.I out_count,
+1, 2, 3 or 4 times.
+If
+.I output
+is non-NULL,
+the 8 bytes generated by each pass are written into
+.I output.
+.PP
+.I des_enc_write
+is used to write
+.I len
+bytes
+to file descriptor
+.I fd
+from buffer
+.I buf.
+The data is encrypted via
+.I pcbc_encrypt
+(default) using
+.I sched
+for the key and
+.I iv
+as a starting vector.
+The actual data send down
+.I fd
+consists of 4 bytes (in network byte order) containing the length of the
+following encrypted data.  The encrypted data then follows, padded with random
+data out to a multiple of 8 bytes.
+.PP
+.I des_enc_read
+is used to read
+.I len
+bytes
+from file descriptor
+.I fd
+into buffer
+.I buf.
+The data being read from
+.I fd
+is assumed to have come from
+.I des_enc_write
+and is decrypted using
+.I sched
+for the key schedule and
+.I iv
+for the initial vector.
+The
+.I des_enc_read/des_enc_write
+pair can be used to read/write to files, pipes and sockets.
+I have used them in implementing a version of rlogin in which all
+data is encrypted.
+.PP
+.I des_rw_mode
+is used to specify the encryption mode to use with 
+.I des_enc_read
+and 
+.I des_end_write.
+If set to
+.I DES_PCBC_MODE
+(the default), des_pcbc_encrypt is used.
+If set to
+.I DES_CBC_MODE
+des_cbc_encrypt is used.
+These two routines and the variable are not part of the normal MIT library.
+.PP
+.I des_set_odd_parity
+sets the parity of the passed
+.I key
+to odd.  This routine is not part of the standard MIT library.
+.PP
+.I des_is_weak_key
+returns 1 is the passed key is a weak key (pick again :-),
+0 if it is ok.
+This routine is not part of the standard MIT library.
+.PP
+.I crypt
+is a replacement for the normal system crypt.
+It is much faster than the system crypt.
+.PP
+.SH FILES
+/usr/include/des.h
+.br
+/usr/lib/libdes.a
+.PP
+The encryption routines have been tested on 16bit, 32bit and 64bit
+machines of various endian and even works under VMS.
+.PP
+.SH BUGS
+.PP
+If you think this manual is sparse,
+read the des_crypt(3) manual from the MIT kerberos (or bones outside
+of the USA) distribution.
+.PP
+.I des_cfb_encrypt
+and
+.I des_ofb_encrypt
+operates on input of 8 bits.  What this means is that if you set
+numbits to 12, and length to 2, the first 12 bits will come from the 1st
+input byte and the low half of the second input byte.  The second 12
+bits will have the low 8 bits taken from the 3rd input byte and the
+top 4 bits taken from the 4th input byte.  The same holds for output.
+This function has been implemented this way because most people will
+be using a multiple of 8 and because once you get into pulling bytes input
+bytes apart things get ugly!
+.PP
+.I des_read_pw_string
+is the most machine/OS dependent function and normally generates the
+most problems when porting this code.
+.PP
+.I des_string_to_key
+is probably different from the MIT version since there are lots
+of fun ways to implement one-way encryption of a text string.
+.PP
+The routines are optimised for 32 bit machines and so are not efficient
+on IBM PCs.
+.PP
+NOTE: extensive work has been done on this library since this document
+was origionally written.  Please try to read des.doc from the libdes
+distribution since it is far more upto date and documents more of the
+functions.  Libdes is now also being shipped as part of SSLeay, a
+general cryptographic library that amonst other things implements
+netscapes SSL protocoll.  The most recent version can be found in
+SSLeay distributions.
+.SH AUTHOR
+Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com)